Introduction
Percutaneous fine needle aspiration cytology (PFNAC) is a minimally invasive diagnostic procedure that is commonly performed in veterinary medicine to obtain cytological samples for diagnostic purposes. This procedure involves the use of a small gauge needle to collect cells from a specific area of a tissue or organ. In cats, PFNAC is commonly used to diagnose and stage a variety of diseases, including lymphoma, mast cell tumors, and inflammatory conditions. In this article, we will discuss the steps involved in performing a PFNAC on a Ragdoll cat.
Preparation
Before performing the PFNAC, it is important to prepare the cat and the equipment. The cat should be fasted for at least 12 hours prior to the procedure to reduce the risk of vomiting. Sedation or anesthesia may be required depending on the temperament of the cat and the location of the lesion. The equipment needed for a PFNAC includes a 22-gauge needle attached to a 3 mL syringe, a glass slide, a needle holder, and a fixative spray.
Procedure
Once the cat is properly prepared and sedated, the PFNAC can be performed. The procedure site is cleaned and disinfected with an antiseptic solution. A sterile needle is inserted into the lesion and cells are aspirated into the syringe. It is important to avoid touching the needle tip to prevent contamination and damage to the cells. Several passes may be necessary to collect an adequate amount of cells.
Slide Preparation and Fixation
Once the cells are collected, a glass slide is prepared by placing a small drop of the cell suspension in the center of the slide. A second glass slide is used to spread the cells in a thin layer, and then it is air-dried. To preserve the cells and prevent degeneration, the slide is fixed using a fixative spray. The most commonly used fixative in veterinary medicine is the Diff-Quik fixative.
Cytological Interpretation
The fixed slide is examined under a microscope by a board-certified veterinary pathologist. The pathologist evaluates the cells for their morphology, arrangement, and staining characteristics to determine the diagnosis. The results of the PFNAC may be diagnostic or inconclusive, and further diagnostic tests may be necessary for definitive diagnosis.
Complications and Risks
Complications of PFNAC are rare, but may include bleeding, infection, and damage to surrounding structures. Additionally, fine needle aspirates may not always provide sufficient information for diagnosis and additional diagnostic tests may be necessary.
Conclusion
PNFAC is a minimally invasive diagnostic procedure commonly performed in veterinary medicine. It is a useful tool for diagnosing and staging a variety of diseases in cats. Proper preparation, technique, and interpretation are important for obtaining accurate results. While complications are rare, it is important to be aware of the risks associated with the procedure.
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